physics●science●probe--Generalized space-time relativity

Generalized space-time relativity

(Author: Xia. Xingguang)

Keywords: Generalized, Relativity, new space-time, results, science achievement, wave-particle, duality.

Abstract:

This paper puts forward the “contact action principle” firstly. According to this principle and the finite speed of light, briefly describes the logic falsehood and conceptive errors in Einstein’s theory, and the basal viewpoints of the Generalized space-time relativity, and then points out that, by applying this theory, not only can Einstein’s theory be achieved, but also the scientific finding that cannot be educed from Einstein’s theory can be obtained. Here we show: the different formula of mass-energy with Einstein theory; the calculation formula of photon’s quiescence mass; validated that the photon has the interior structure; explained the “red shift phenomena of fixed star’s spectrum” by using “photon’s aging model”, thereby negated the cosmology of “big-bang model”. Besides the mention, in the book of the Generalized space-time relativity, we also discussed the differential equation of matter’s movement in the gravitation filed, uncovered the physics essence of “wave- particle duality”. Etc.

Introduction

According to Special theory of relativity: the time t’ and space r’ of the moving coordinates system would produce “Lorentz’s constriction” during the movement. If “Lorentz’s constriction” were acknowledged, it would mean that time and space are the people’s perceived form, not the objective existence. --- This is typical relativism’s time-space conception. Into the bargain, the modern science has been using “big bang model” as the base of cosmology. This model’s foundation is red shift phenomena of the fixed star’s spectrum. According to this model, our universe is created out of an unprecedented “big bang”. Withal, we can draw an absurdity conclusion: since observing from the earth, can see the red shift of fixed star’s phenomena on the azimuth of 3600 in great circle of the celestial sphere, and then, the earth would be naturally the core of the “explosion”. However, this is absolutely impossible. How can the earth become the core of the explosion within vast universe? For this “swelling process” of the universe, some people made a comparison with the blowing of balloon. At this, people would ask, where does the person observing swelling the universe stand? Can he/she stand outside of the universe to observe the swelling? Of course, it isn’t impossible for any partial galaxy to explode due of the “collapse of gravitation”; but any given the galaxy cannot represent the “universe”. According to the definition, limitless “time” and “space” is the universe. As a result, the law of evolvement of any galaxy in the sense of limited space and time cannot represent the creation law of the universe by itself. So, there is insurmountability logic falsehood in the cosmology of using General theory of relativity as the base.

Contact action principle with Einstein’s theory

In order to ascertain a time coordinates of moving thing in arbitrariness space position, some format contact must be used. ---If it is not the observer’s direct contact with the moving thing, it must be the moving thing transmitting itself movement information through some signal. This principle has been intituled as “contact action principle”. Vis-à-vis the contact action principle, the use of relative static clock in the modus operandi of Newton’s mechanics in the appointed inertial coordinates system is based on the tentative of the “over space action principle” which is to explicitly ascertain the time coordinates of moving thing at arbitrariness space position. Apparently, the over space action principle is by the power of people’s nonfigurative ideation to ascertain the coordinates variable of the moving thing. Not difficult to find out, to ascertain physics quantity by means of the modus operandi of using the nonfigurative ideation is equal to acknowledging that the transfer speed is infinite.
Furthermore, Einsteinian relativity adopts the physics concept and physics principle of Newton mechanical, including inertial frame, relative velocity, Galileo’s relativity principle and speed of light invariable principle etc. However practical condition is: the limit speed of matter is equal to the speed of light in the vacuum. Considering the “contact action principle” and “finite of transmit speed of mutual action”, inertial frame, relative velocity, Galileo’s relativity principle and speed of light invariable principle etc. are untenable in a strict sense. Under this condition, whether the observer locates on the coordinates origin O of the relative resting inertial frame K, or on the coordinates origin O’ of the relative motion inertial frame K’, by using his own clock, cannot absolutely synchronically confirm the time process t and t’ about this moving thing relative motion respectively with them. If the movement information of the moving thing is transferred at the speed of light, then theoretically during the time coordinates t and t’ of the moving thing, it should be included that the lag time process written down asΔt andΔt’ is necessary for the movement information of the moving thing at arbitrariness space position to feedback to moving start point observers. Here, the so-called “non-synchronization” does not mean that difference in the swing cycle between the moving clocks and static clock occurs. The means is that the observers locating respectively at the origins O and O’ should write down lag time processΔt andΔt’ when recording the time coordinates t and t’. Reversely, barringΔt andΔt’, two observers do not break away from the time conception of absolute synchronization. Of course, there is no problem to use these concepts in Newton mechanics, because Newton mechanics’ tentative is that the transmit speed of mutual action is infinite and mutual action between objects is over space. Nevertheless, this is the reason why the disfigurement is brought to Newton mechanics, which makes it an approximately accurate physics theory.

However, according to Einsteinian theory, whether standing at the point O’ to ascertain coordinates t’, or at the point O to ascertain coordinates t, Δt andΔt’ are ignored entirely, making it impossible not to cause logic falsehood, because this is entirely opposed against precondition of coinstantaneous relativity. And furthermore in the coordinates transform of Einstein’s theory, comparison between the t and t’, r and r’, which have no common start point, are drawn based upon the “harmonious character of physics equation”. Apparently, such coordinates transform acts against minimum logic principle that must be abided by when intercomparsion is made. Therefore, from the contradictory view of Einsteinian theory itself, as well as his precondition, there is logic falsehood; from different starting points of the time and space in coordinate transform, there is conceptual error as well. --- This is both an important physical problem and an important philosophical problem!

Speed of light invariability principle

We can hardly talk about the issue of relativity, without mentioning the “speed of light invariability principle”. When talking about the speed of light invariability principle, we cannot go without mentioning the method adopted to measure the speed of light. As it is known, in the traditional method to measure the speed of light, the observer always stays at the location of light source and takes half the time process, e.g., 2t/2 = t, covered by the photon between the “light source” and the “reflector” as the time process needed for transmission on the space distance r. this is how we get the relative velocity of photon transmission c = r/t. This method of measurement is fully equal to that the time process t’ recorded at any time by the observer traveling with the photon and his own timepiece is divided by the space distance r’, i.e., c’= r’/t’. Temporarily recorded it as c’. Here, c’ is defined as the absolute velocity of the moving photon.

Of course, in fact, people cannot veritably stand on the photon and measuring the movement of photon vis-à-vis its light source. Therefore, such a way of thinking is a “logic idea” only. It is this logic idea that displays the absolute oneness between the subjective thinking and objective impersonality.

It is noticed that the distance between “light source” and “reflector” is of the same physical quantity for the observers standing at the light source and at the reflector, i.e., r ≡r’. So, the resting observer has got the moving velocity of photon using the traditional measure method, which is the absolute velocity of photon vis-à-vis light source. Considering the time processΔt , which is transferring movement information, there exist two types of speed of light: One is the relative velocity of moving photon obtained by the observer standing at the light source, i.e., c = r/(t’+Δt); while the other is the absolute velocity of the photon’s motion relative to the light source as measured by the observer who is moving together with the photon, i.e., c’ = r’/t’. Because r ≡r’, so c ≠c’. Obviously, so-called the “speed of light invariability principle” is that the absolute velocity of photon vis-à-vis the light source does not change, but not that the relative velocity of photon motion does not change either. It is to be noticed that the modus operandi using ideation to ascertain the time coordinates of photon at arbitrariness space position, equals to precondition hypothesis that transfer speed of reciprocity is infinite. Therefore, traditional method of measuring the speed of light is based on the over space action principle.

Generalized space-time relativity

1. Basic concept of Generalized space-time relativity. Generally speaking, any moving thing is an object system. Which might as well be called “third object system”. Theoretically, as long as there is the object system, there is observer and moving clock affirmatively. In this way, relativistic concept is not intercomparsion between the two kinds of time-space coordinates, which have been got by the observer standing on the origins O and O’ of the coordinates K and K’, for the movement of third object system relative to them respectively; nor is intercomparsion between the two kinds of time-space coordinates, which have been formed by the movement of the “other one” relative to “oneself”. The reason is that, for mutual comparisons in these aspects, the former one does not break away from the time concept of absolute simultaneity while the latter one goes even further to replace the physical concepts beyond that applied to the former. ---Either of them regards themselves as in the resting system and the other as the motion system. In reality, this is not the same moving thing. Consequently, the relativistic concept is only: the observer standing on point O, observes the moving of O’ vis-à-vis point O and obtains a time coordinates t; the other observer standing on point O’, observes the moving of “himself” vis-à-vis point O, to get a time coordinates t’; the space distance r’ and r for observers standing on points O’ and O, are the same physics quantity, so we can get the two kinds of movement velocity: one is a relative velocity V = r/(t’+Δt) , which is of observer standing on point O; the other one is absolute velocityυ = r’/t’, which is of observer standing on point O’. We compare factitiously the two kinds of time coordinates t’ with t, and V withυ, --- coordinates transform --- to make of the new concept of relativity. However, this relativity is not Einsteinian relativity any more, but the Generalized space-time relativity in the light space-time conception of the dialectical materialism.

2. Mathematics reasoning of Generalized space-time relativity. According to definition of “interval-square”, the observer standing on the point O’ can write down the interval-square as below:

Δs'² = c²(t'₂ – t'₁) ²–Δr'² = 0 (1)
The observer standing on the point O can write down:

Δs² = c²(t₂ – t₁)² –Δr² ≠ 0 (2)

In formula (1)

Δr'²= (x’₂ – x’₁)² + (y'₂ – y'₁)² + (z'₂ – z'₁)² (3)

In formula (2)

Δr² = (x₂ – x₁)² +(y₂ – y₁)² +(z₂ – z₁)² (4)

over here, Δr’ is space distance from starting point to terminal point of moving thing using the Descartes’ frame denotation. While O’ and O are infinite adjacence, Δs’2 andΔs2 can be written in differential form, i.e.

ds'² = c²dt'²– dx'²– dy'²– dz'² = 0 (5)

And

ds² = c²dt²– dx²– dy²– dz² ≠ 0 (6)

Whereas superficially,Δs'²≠Δs², but such unlikeness is resulting from that fact that the observation position is different, which is the purely subjective. Opposite to Einsteinian relativity, Generalized space-time relativity considers that finite transfer velocity in each other action is the impersonality reason that conduces the unlikeness of these interval-squares. Because, provided that transfer speed is infinite in mutual action, no matter how distant between the two observers cannot conduce t ≠ t’. Based on this, and in the light of space-time conception of the dialectical materialism, using the dialectical logic, we conclude a synthetical proposition---objectivity principle---the object contains an objectivity that does not depend on the subject. Based upon the objectivity principle, the two unequal interval-squares are forced to be absolutely equal to each other, i.e.

Δs²≡Δs’² (7)

Then to bringing the formulae (5) and (6) into (7), and to take notice of V = r/(t’ +Δt),υ= r’/t’, and r ≡ r’, it can be simply deduced as follows:

t = t’/ (1- V ²/c²)^1/2 (8)

V = c·υ/ (c² +υ²)^1/2 (9)

Again by some mathematic deductions1, one-suite formula of transformation of Generalized space-time relativity will be obtained as follows:

r ≡ r’ (10)

t = t’ / (1- V ²/c²)^1/2 (11)

V = c ·υ/(c² +υ²)^1/2 (12)

E = m₀· c·(c² +υ²) ^1/2 (13)
In the formula, m0 is quiescence mass. Those who are familiar with Einstein’s relativity would find out, over here the transform formula is about time coordinates only. However their physics meanings are different.

3. Mechanics of Generalized space-time relativity. Besides, due to r ≡ r’, so V t ≡υt’, to take into account the formula (11), it can be got that:

1/V² = 1/c² +1/υ²

when υ<<c, we will have 1/c² →0, and V≈υ. And then, from formula (8) the following can be got:

E ≈ m₀c²/ (1-V ²/c²)^1/2, (14)

---This is the reasonable kernel of Einstein’s relativity. To outspread formula (13) according to the power series

E ≈ m₀c² (1+υ²/2c² -υ²/8c² + …) (15)

whileυ→0, viz. K’ and K are superposition, and relatively quiescence vis-à-vis origin O, the above formula becomes:

E ≈ m₀c² (16)

---This is Einsteinian expression of the quiescence mass. whileυ→c, viz. K’ and K are superposition, and relative movement vis-à-vis origin O in absolute speed of light c, the former two items are chosen from formula (15), to get:

E ≈ m₀c² + m₀ c ²/2≈3m₀ c ²/2 (17)

---This is the gross energy of photon movement vis-à-vis the light source obtained starting from the meaning of thinking logic. All-pervading condition is 0≤υ≤c. To adopt second order approximation to formula (15), we can get:

E ≈ m₀c2 + m₀υ²/2 (18)

Formula (18) indicates, looking at the resting coordinates system, the gross energy of a moving object include two parts: one is quiescence energy, which is consistent with Special theory of relativity; the other is the kinetic energy, which is consistent with Newton mechanics.

4. Calculation formula of photon’s quiescence mass. From the formula (13) found that, if the absolute velocity of a moving thingυ= c, there is:

E = m₀c² (19)
In the formula, m₀ is photon’s quiescence mass. Based on the photon’s energy formula , can get a calculation formula of photon’s relative quiescence mass:

(20)
in the formula, is Planck’s constant, ω is the frequency of light-wave, the unit is Hz-1. Here, we order

(21)

Formula (20) can be overwritten as:

m₀ =ηω (22)

Thereinto, ηis a constant, after calculating can getη=5.2123 x 10^-48 g.s.

To use an actual example is to validate whether this formula is right or not. For example, we know the frequency range of “visible light” is 10¹⁴ ~10¹⁵ Hz, there out, according to formula (22), can get the quiescence mass of the visible light about 10^-34 ~10^-33g. As we know, the quiescence mass of electron is about 9.1085 x 10^-28g. So we can get photon’s quiescence mass of visible light is about one three millionth of electron’s quiescence mass. The conclusion that the photon has the quiescence mass can be indirectly proved out by recurring that the neutrino has the quiescence mass.

    According to Newton mechanics and Kepler’s law, the obtained angle is also 1.75” when calculating the deflexion angle of photon in the gravitation field that is near the sun by using formula (22). This result is very close to the observation result (1.77”±0.019”) 1. Thereby two points can be show: first, formula (22) itself is correct; second, the photon has interior structure. Based on the character of photon’s interior structure, it can be deduced that the energy of fixed star’s light-wave produces the quantisation attenuation during the transmitting in the universe of length and breadth of land, thereby bring on reducing of frequency---the red shift phenomenon of fixed star’s spectrum. This conclusion negates the existing explanation that Doppler’s effect causes red shift, thereby is disavowal of the modern cosmology of the big-bang model 1, etc.

    Results

    In conclusion, the Generalized space-time relativity not only overcomes the logic falsehood and concept error of Einstein’s theory, but also proves that the photon has the quiescence mass and interior structure which are not null. Based on the interior structure of photon, utilization of the photon’s aging model explains reasonably the unadulterated reason of the red shift phenomenal of stellar system spectrum, thereby is disavowal of the cosmology of the big-bang model. The practice proved that the Generalized space-time relativity is a new space-time theory which is much more rigor in logic, and is much more broad in application.

References

1. Xia. Xingguang, GENERALIZED SPACE-TIME RELATIVITY. The People’s Communications Publishing House, Beijing, Jan. 2003. Pages: 141142, 143146, 164190.

Index